![]() The fabrication approach using DIW had advantages over FDM, SLA, SLS, inkjet, and DLP – producing few voids, required variable stiffness and fatigue properties, higher strength and elongation at break. However, miniaturising the SPAs is constrained by the resolution of 3D printers and challenges in 3D printing such as avoidance of microscale voids and channels.”ĭIW, an extrusion-based 3D printing technology using photocurable resins, was used to fabricate a programmable bio-inspired SPA with tunable mechanical properties. Yet, such feature should be scalable in all the key components of the SPAs, including the integrated sensors, flexible electronics, and controllers. “Miniaturising and scaling down the 3D/4D printed SPAs are highly desirable, particularly by adding the micrometer-size functionalities for practical applications in the manipulation of microscale delicate objects, e.g. Image Courtesy of Virtual and Physical Prototyping 21 JournalĤD/3D printing enables the development of such high-resolution microscale functionalities for microscale applications although it comes with its own set of challenges, as the study notes, These 4D/3D printed actuators are made using elastomers and are able to deliver a range of motions, such as bending, twisting, rotating, rolling, jumping, in response to simple changes in air pressure. ![]() Published in the Visual and Physical Prototyping journal in July, the study applies 4D printing/3D printing technologies in fabricating Soft bending-type Pneumatic Actuators (SPA), that respond to changes in air pressure. Applications have now advanced to include 4D printing, as researchers from Deakin University and Nottingham Trent University have established in this study. With 3D printing, the inherent design freedom means actuators can be customized at the very small scale easily and can even be designed to accurately mimic bio-inspired architectures. Traditional manufacturing methods for miniature actuators in soft robotics, molding and soft lithography, were limited-and 3D printing has brought several advantages over them. Image Courtesy of Virtual and Physical Prototyping 21 Journal Soft Actuator industrial gripper applications.
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